ABSTRACT Introduction: Neonatal asphyxia is an important cause of mortality and neurological sequelaes. Objective: To determine the perinatal predictors of persistently low Apgar at 5 minutes in an EsSalud hospital. Methods: Observational, analytical case-control study. A census analysis of 889 neonates with low Apgar ( <7) at the first minute treated at the Octavio Mongrut Muñoz Hospital from 2009-2018 was carried out, after verification of the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The EsSalud Perinatal Surveillance System (SVP) was used. The Chi square test and crude odds ratio (ORc) were used as a measure of association. Likewise, binary logistic regression was applied to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORa). Results: There were 17 780 live births during the study period, of which 889 (11.9%) had low Apgar scores at one minute. The incidence of persistently low Apgar score at five minutes was 5.68 per 1 000 live births. In the multivariate analysis, the only perinatal predictors of a persistently low Apgar score at 5 minutes were aspiration of meconium amniotic fluid (ORa=7 .82; p <0.01) and the presence of a congenital anomaly (ORa=3 .19; p <0.01). Conclusion: meconium amniotic fluid aspiration and the presence of a congenital anomaly are perinatal predictors of a persistently low Apgar score at the fifth minute of extrauterine life in an EsSalud hospital.

RESUMEN Introducción: La asfixia neonatal es una causa importante de mortalidad y secuelas neurológicas. Objetivo: Determinar los predictores perinatales de Apgar persistentemente bajo a los 5 minutos en un hospital EsSalud. Métodos: Estudio observacional, analítico de caso-control. Se realizó un análisis censal de 889 neonatos con Apgar bajo ( < 7) al primer minuto atendidos en el Hospital Octavio Mongrut Muñoz del periodo 2009-2018, previa verificación de los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Se usó el Sistema de Vigilancia Perinatal (SVP) de EsSalud. Se empleó la prueba Chi cuadrado y odds ratio crudo (ORc), como medida de asociación. Asimismo, se aplicó regresión logística binaria para estimar odds ratios ajustados (ORa). Resultados: Hubo 17 780 nacimientos vivos durante el periodo de estudio, de los cuales 889 (11,9%) presentaron puntaje Apgar bajo al minuto. La incidencia de puntaje Apgar persistentemente bajo a los cinco minutos fue 5,68 por 1 000 nacidos vivos. En el análisis multivariado, los únicos predictores perinatales de puntaje Apgar persistentemente bajo a los 5 minutos fueron la aspiración de líquido amniótico meconial (ORa=7,82; p <0,01) y la presencia de anomalía congénita (ORa=3,19; p<0,01). Conclusión: la aspiración de líquido amniótico meconial y la presencia de anomalía congénita son predictores perinatales de puntaje Apgar persistentemente bajo al quinto minuto de vida extrauterina en un hospital EsSalud.

Abstract. Marigold (Tagetes erecta) is an Asteraceae plant commonly used as an ornamental and ceremonial flower during the fall season in Mexico. Marigold plants cultivated in the field presented bacterial leaf spot disease symptoms. A bacterial strain that potentially causes spot disease was isolated. The main goal of this research was to classify this bacterium and assess its pathogenicity towards marigold and other plant species. The biochemical profiling identified this strain as Pseudomonas syringae LF2012. The phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene revealed a close relation with Pseudomonas genomospecies. The I-CeuI macro-restriction profile of the chromosomal confirmed its high degree of similarity with distinct P. syringae pathovars. P. syringae LF2012 causes spot disease when inoculated by spray in marigold leaves. Infection assays towards plants from other families (Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Amaranthaceae, Poaceae y Solanaceae) suggested that disease might be limited to marigold plants. Furthermore, this strain causes hypersensitive-like responses in Nicotiana tabacum leaves.

Resumen. El cempasúchil (Tagetes erecta) es una planta asterácea comúnmente utilizada como flor ornamental y ceremonial durante la temporada de otoño en México. Las plantas de cempasúchil cultivadas en el campo presentaron síntomas de la enfermedad de la mancha foliar bacteriana. Se aisló una cepa bacteriana que potencialmente causa la enfermedad de las manchas. El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue clasificar esta bacteria y evaluar su patogenicidad en cempasúchil y otras especies vegetales. El perfil bioquímico identificó esta cepa como Pseudomonas syringae LF2012. El análisis filogenético del gen ARNr 16S reveló una estrecha relación con genomoespecies de Pseudomonas. El perfil de macrorestricción I-CeuI del cromosoma confirmó su alto grado de similitud con distintos patovares de P. syringae. P. syringae LF2012 causa la enfermedad de las manchas cuando se inocula por aspersión en hojas de cempasúchil. Los ensayos de infección de plantas de otras familias (Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Amaranthaceae, Poaceae y Solanaceae) sugirieron que la enfermedad podría limitarse al cempasúchil. Además, esta cepa provoca respuestas de tipo hipersensible en hojas de Nicotiana tabacum.

Abstract: Objective: Evaluate the effect of spatial repellency against Ae. aegypti of two chemical compounds impregnated in different types of fabrics. Materials and methods: The study was carried out in the year 2015-2016 in the Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, del Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. The high-throughput screening system was used to evaluate the response of Ae. aegypti to transfluthrin and linalool, impregnated individually at different concentrations in poplin, cotton and polyester. The effect of their mixtures was also determined, washing on residuality and percentage of protection. Results: The highest spatial repellency response was for 0.1% linalool-cotton treatment (RE = 70 ± 5.77%). The mixture of 0.1% linalool and 0.001% transfluthrin presented a similar spatial repellence percentage for the three types of fabric. The transfluthrin-poplin treatment 0.001% maintained a residual of five days. 0.1% linalool produced a 62.50% protection in the presence of an attraction stimulus. Conclusion: It is suggested the impregnation of 0.1% linalool in clothing as a protection measure for Ae. aegypti.

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de repelencia espacial contra Ae. aegypti de dos compuestos químicos impregnados en diferentes tipos de telas. Material y métodos: El estudio se realizó en el periodo 2015-2016 en el Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, del Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Se utilizó el Sistema de Procesamiento de Alto-rendimiento para evaluar la respuesta de Ae. aegypti a transflutrina y linalol, impregnados individualmente a diferentes concentraciones en popelina, algodón y poliéster. También se determinó el efecto de sus mezclas, lavado sobre la residualidad y porcentaje de protección. Resultados: La mayor respuesta de repelencia espacial fue para el tratamiento linalol-algodón al 0.1% (RE= 70 ± 5.77%). La mezcla de linalol 0.1% y transflutrina 0.001% presentó un porcentaje de repelencia espacial similar para los tres tipos de tela. El tratamiento transflutrina-popelina 0.001% mantuvo una residualidad de cinco días. El linalol al 0.1% produjo 62.50% de protección en presencia de un estímulo de atracción. Conclusión: Se sugiere la impregnación de linalol al 0.1% en ropa como medida de protección de las picaduras de Ae. aegypti.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify which anthropometric measurement would be the best predictor of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Brazilian adolescents. Subjects and methods: Cross-sectional study conducted on 222 adolescents (15-17 years) from a city in southern Brazil. Anthropometric, physical activity, blood pressure and biochemical parameters were investigated. MetS criteria were transformed into a continuous variable (MetS score). Linear regression analyses were performed to assess the associations of BMI, hip circumference, neck circumference (NC), triceps skinfold, subscapular skinfold and body fat percentage with MetS score. ROC curves were constructed to determine the cutoff for each anthropometric measurement. Results: The prevalence of MetS was 7.2%. Each anthropometric measurement was significantly (p < 0.001) associated with MetS score. After adjusting for potential confounding variables (age, sex, physical activity, and maternal education), the standardized coefficients of NC and body fat percentage appeared to have the strongest association (beta = 0.69 standard deviation) with MetS score. The regression of BMI provided the best model fit (adjusted R2 = 0.31). BMI predicted MetS with high sensitivity (100.0%) and specificity (86.4%). Conclusions: Our results suggest that BMI and NC are effective screening tools for MetS in adolescents. The early diagnosis of MetS combined with targeted lifestyle interventions in adolescence may help reduce the burden of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes in adulthood.

Abstract Our study employs nonword-learning tasks to examine i-epenthesis in the speech output of 53 Brazilian Portuguese learners of English. One aim is to investigate conflicting views on the syllabification of consonants in various word-medial and final contexts, where they can be parsed as either codas or onsets of empty nuclei. Another aim is to test a proposal (John & Cardoso, 2017) concerning the source of L2 phonological variation: we suggest that L2 variation is lexical rather than derivational, stemming from individual items having dual underlying representations which compete for selection at the moment of speaking. The results of a multivariate statistical analysis indicate: i) a hierarchy of difficulty in the acquisition of the stops /p k/ in different lexical locations; and ii) simultaneous development of dual representations for single lexical items.

Resumo Na epistemologia da ciência administrativa, uma das muitas dimensões importantes é a das diferentes subáreas do estudo de administração. Talvez a maior e mais longa batalha entre essas subáreas seja a travada entre a administração pública e a empresarial. É uma controvérsia que remonta os estudos de Adam Smith, em que o papel do ‘Soberano’ (governo, ou administração pública) é limitado especificamente a justiça, defesa e obras públicas. Ao limitar a ação do governo a essas três áreas, Smith implicitamente as considerou como falhas de mercado, ou falhas da “mão invisível”, isto é, áreas em que a busca pelo auto-interesse não resulta no bem da sociedade (que é a justificativa moral identificada por Smith para a troca de mercado). As discussões atuais sobre os papéis do mercado e do Estado são geralmente estruturadas em termos do papel do Estado, com a oferta do mercado como opção padrão. Neste artigo argumentamos que até as discussões sobre o papel do Estado podem ser melhor avaliadas através do conceito de falha de mercado. Os nove tipos mais abrangentes de falha de mercado discutidos incluem instituições, bens públicos, monopólio, informação assimétrica, externalidades, questões substantivas, problemas principal-agente, irracionalidade e as implicações da “destruição criativa”.

Abstract In the epistemology of administrative science, one of many important dimensions has been the different subfields of the study of administration. Perhaps the biggest, longest running ‘turf’ battle between these different areas of administrative knowledge is that between public and business administration. This is a controversy that goes back at least to Adam Smith, with his specific limitation of the role of ‘the sovereign’ (government, or public administration) to justice, defense, and public works. In limiting government to these areas, note that Smith was also implicitly asserting that these were market, or ‘invisible hand’ failures: areas where the pursuit of self-interest would not yield the good of society, the specific moral justification Smith identified for market exchange. Contemporary discussions of the relative role of market and state are generally framed in terms of the role of the State, with market provision the default option. We will argue that even discussions of the role of the State can best be assessed through the concept of market failure. The nine broad types of market failure discussed include institutions, public goods, monopoly, asymmetric information, externalities, substantive issues, principal/agent problems, irrationality, and the implications of ‘creative destruction’.

Resumen En la epistemología de la ciencia administrativa, unas de las muchas dimensiones importantes han sido los diferentes subcampos del estudio de la administración. Quizás la más grande y larga batalla entre estas diferentes áreas del conocimiento administrativo, es la que existe entre la administración pública y la empresarial. Esta es una controversia que se remonta, por lo menos, a Adam Smith, con su limitación específica del papel del “soberano” (Gobierno, o administración pública) a la justicia, defensa y obras públicas. Al limitar al gobierno a estas áreas, nótese que Smith también afirmaba implícitamente que se trataba de fallas del mercado, o de manos invisibles: áreas donde la búsqueda del interés propio no resultaría en el bien de la sociedad, que es la justificación moral específica que Smith identificó para el intercambio de mercado. Las discusiones contemporáneas sobre el rol relativo del mercado y del Estado generalmente se estructuran a los efectos de justificar el rol del Estado, con la provisión del mercado como la opción predeterminada. Argumentamos que las discusiones sobre el papel del Estado se pueden evaluar mejor a través del concepto de falla del mercado. Los nueve tipos generales de fallas de mercado discutidos incluyen instituciones, bienes públicos, monopolio, información asimétrica, externalidades, cuestiones sustantivas, problemas de principal/agente, irracionalidad, y las implicaciones de la “destrucción creativa”.

In this paper presents a multicriterial heuristic based model for determining the capacity in assembly manufacturing footwear companies in the province of Tungurahua. This is focused from different approaches of how the companies manage the processes in a development environment with support in work study techniques. The analysis of a group of companies indicated that 11% of them have high capacity, 78% acceptable and 10% low. The SMEs evidence disadvantages in the efficient use of human resources and machinery. The results of the model used to identify companies with maturity in the management of their processes and others that deserve support to analyze and respond with data and facts to eliminate the principal causes of their problems.

En este trabajo se propone un modelo de base heurística multicriterio para determinar la capacidad de producción en montaje de las empresas manufactureras de calzado en la provincia de Tungurahua desde diferentes enfoques de operación de sus procesos en un entorno de desarrollo. Se emplearon como apoyo las técnicas para el estudio del trabajo. El análisis de 9 empresas indica que el 11% de ellas tienen alta capacidad, el 78% aceptable y el 10% es baja; las Pymes (Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas) evidencian desventajas en el eficiente uso de sus recursos humanos y maquinaria. Los resultados, del modelo, permiten identificar: empresas con madurez en la gestión de sus procesos y las que ameritan apoyo para analizar y responder con datos y hechos a la eliminación de las causas raíz de sus problemas.

Acrocomia mexicana Karw. ex Mart. is a species that can be found from the Mexican Pacific to Central and South America. Its fruit (coyul) is consumed since the pre-Hispanic time; however its use has diminished by other introduced and native fruits with greater acceptance in the market. A research was conducted in San Blas, Nayarit, Mexico, where the characterization of a typical agro-ecosystem was carried out in which wild and cultivated varieties of coyul are harvested in the traditional way highlighting the economic, ecological and cultural importance of the species. In addition, physical and chemical characterization of the fruit was achieved, throwing results in which mainly the mash and seeds are fat sources. From this species other secondary products can be obtained such as the extraction of edible oils, livestock's food, and handicrafts, among others; as well other alternatives for its use are conducted by different regions and countries, which could lead to the preservation of ecological and cultural sites.

Acrocomia mexicana Karw. ex Mart. es una especie que se extiende desde el Pacífico mexicano hasta Centro y Sudamérica. El fruto (coyul) es apreciado desde la época prehispánica, sin embargo, su consumo ha disminuido frente a otros frutos nativos y así como de los introducidos con mayor aceptación en el mercado. Se realizó un estudio en San Blas, Nayarit, México, en el que se llevó a cabo la caracterización de un agroecosistema típico donde se explotan poblaciones silvestres y cultivadas de coyul de forma tradicional y se resaltó la importancia económica, ecológica y cultural de la especie. Asimismo, se realizó la caracterización fisicoquímica del fruto; la pulpa y la semilla son fuente principalmente de grasas. De esta especie se pueden obtener subproductos tales como aceites comestibles, alimento para ganado, artesanías, entre otros; igualmente se exponen alternativas de uso llevadas a cabo por otras regiones y países que puedan conducir a conservar espacios ecológicos y culturales.

At world level, Mexico is located as an important participant in fresh mango production and trade, standing out as producer (2*10(6) t year-1) and exporter (2*10(5) t year-1) of mango and importer of minimum quantities with regard to its production and export. The economic activity around mango, is integrated by a group of stages that goes from fruit production to its consumption, which has been called value chain of mango; with base in scientific and empiric knowledge in relation to this cultivation, the critical points of more impact on this value chain in Mexico that we have detected, with negative repercussions for the economy of fruit farmers, are located in stages: production (flowering and anthracnosis) and industrialization (use of vegetable residuals generated in fresh mango process of industrialization). This revision presents a global analysis of stages that put in risk to this value chain in Mexico, as well as the causes and possible solutions to these, by means of alternatives that optimize its integral handling.

A nivel mundial, México se ubica como un participante importante en la producción y comercio de mango fresco, destacando como productor (2*10(6) t año-1) y exportador (2*10(5) t año-1) de dicho fruto e importador de cantidades mínimas con respecto a su producción y exportación. La actividad económica en torno al mango, está integrada por un conjunto de etapas que van desde la producción del fruto hasta su consumo, a la cual se le ha llamado cadena de valor de mango; con base en el conocimiento científico y empírico en relación a este cultivo, los puntos críticos de mayor impacto sobre esta cadena de valor en México que hemos detectado, con repercusiones negativas para la economía de los fruticultores, se ubican en las etapas de: producción (floración y antracnosis) e industrialización (aprovechamiento de los residuos vegetales generados en el proceso de industrialización del mango fresco). Esta revisión presenta un análisis global de las etapas que ponen en riesgo a esta cadena de valor en México, así como las causas y posibles soluciones a éstas, mediante alternativas que optimicen su manejo integral.

The gamitana is a species of socio-economic importance in the Peruvian Amazon, often intensively produced locally for human consumption. Because of this, more studies concerning parasite populations affecting this species' culture are necessary. In this study, a heavy copepod infestation of Perulernaea gamitanae is reported in a managed culture of gamitana. The prevalence of infection was 100% and mortality of the fish population was complete. The average intensity and abundance of the parasite was 268.8 parasites per individual.

La gamitana constituye una especie de importancia socioeconómica en la Amazonia peruana, que ha llevado a su producción intensiva para el consumo humano, pero se requieren más estudios respecto de la población de parásitos que estén afectando su cultivo. En este estudio se identificó una alta infestación por copépodos de la especie Perulernaea gamitanae en un cultivo de gamitana. La prevalencia fue de 100%, con mortalidad de todos los peces. La intensidad media y la abundancia fue, en ambos casos, de 268.8 parásitos por individuo.

The induced resistance to Phytophthora infestans (Phi) in potato plants (Solanum tuberosum) treated with combinations of jasmonic acid (JA), systemin (SYS), and β- amino butyric acid (BABA) was analyzed. Changes in the levels of β-1,3-glucanase (BG) and chitinase (CHI) activity and POTLX-3 expression, a pathogen-induced leaf lipooxygenase, were also measured. BABA + SYS induced a weak accumulation of POTLX-3 transcripts in uninfected plants, whereas all BABA-containing mixtures enhanced POTLX-3 expression 48 h after Phi infection which was not correlated to an increased resistance response. Conversely, plants treated with JA and JA + SYS showed a delayed progression of the disease, which coincided with a rapid and transient increase of POTLX-3 expression observed 24 h postinfection. These effects were suppressed when JA was applied simultaneously with BABA, an elicitor which generally made plants more susceptible to Phi, even though it induced significant increases in CHI and BG activity levels. Accordingly, a possible antagonism between JA and BABA signalling pathways is discussed. Furthermore, the positive correlation found between an earlier expression of POTLX-3 and resistance to late blight, suggested that it could be part of the mechanism through which JA- and JA+SYS treatments induced the observed protection.

Se analizó la inducción de resistencia contra Phytophthora infestans (Phi) en plantas de papa (Solanum tuberosum) tratadas con combinaciones de ácido jasmónico (JA), sistemina (SYS) y ácido β-aminobutírico (BABA). También se evaluaron cambios en la actividad de quitinasa (CHI) y β-1,3-glucanasa (BG) y en la expresión de POTLX-3, una lipooxigenasa patógeno-específica. El tratamiento de BABA + SYS indujo una débil acumulación de transcritos de POTLX-3 en plantas no infectadas, mientras que en todas las mezclas conteniendo BABA se incrementó la expresión de POTLX-3 a las 48 h post-infección por Phi, la cual no estuvo correlacionada a un incremento de la resistencia. Por el contrario, las plantas tratadas con JA y JA + SYS mostraron un retardo en el progreso de la enfermedad, que coincidió con un incremento rápido y transitorio de la expresión de POTLX-3, observado a las 24 h post-infección. Estos efectos se suprimieron al aplicar JA simultáneamente con BABA evocador que, en general, aumentó la susceptibilidad a Phi, a pesar de que indujo aumentos significativos en los niveles de actividad de CHI y BG. Debido a estos hallazgos, se discute el posible antagonismo entre las vías de señalización de JA y BABA. Además los resultados sugieren que la expresión temprana de POTLX-3 podría ser parte del mecanismo por el cual los tratamientos JA y JA+SYS conducen a la resistencia incrementada contra el tizón tardío.

Genetic diversity among three field populations of Lutzomyia longipalpis in Colombia was studied using isozyme analysis. Study sites were as much as 598 km apart and included populations separated by the eastern Cordillera of the Andes. Genetic variability among populations, estimated by heterozygosity, was within values typical for insects in general (8.1%). Heterozygosity for field populations were compared with a laboratory colony from Colombia (Melgar colony) and were only slightly lower. These results suggest that establishment and long term maintenance of the Melgar colony has had little effect on the level of isozyme variability it carries. Genetic divergences between populations was evaluated using estimates of genetic distance. Genetic divergence among the three field populations was low (D=0.021), suggesting they represent local populations within a single species. Genetic distance between field populations and the Melgar colony was also low (D=0.016), suggesting that this colony population does not depart significantly from natural populations. Finally, comparisons were made between Colombian populations and colonies from Brazil and Costa Rica. Genetic distance values were high between Colombian and both Brazil and Costa Rica colony populations (D=0.199 and 0.098 respectively) providing additional support for our earlier report that populations from the three countries represent distinct species